Fourth Generation (1980-1990): personal computers

•   The development of LSI (Large Scale Integration) circuits introduce the use of personal computer

•   Powerful personal computer use by business, universities and government are usually called workstations

•  1980’s – Growth of personal computer running network OS and distributed OS.

•  Network OS – User can log in into remote machine and copy file from one machine to another Each machine run it own local OS and has it own user

•  Distributed OS

                - Appears to its users as a traditional unit processor system, actually composed of multiple processor system






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Third Generation (1955-1965): ICs and Multiprogramming

•   Early 1960 – Most manufacturer had two distinct, totally incompatible, produce lines.

                1) Word Oriented

                - large scale scientific computer, example: IBM 7094

                2) Character Oriented

•   IBM 360 – first major computer line to use small scale integrated circuit (IC)

                - major price/ performance advantage over second generation machine

•   IBM 7094 – used a technique called multiprogramming.

                - Ability to process the next before the first job is finished.

•   Spooling (Simultaneous peripheral operation on line)

                - Ability to read jobs from cards onto disk

                - Whenever a running job is finished, OS could load a new job from disk into the now empty partition and run it

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Second Generation (1955-1965): Transistors and Batch Systems

 Introduction of the transistor in the mid-1950s changed the picture radically

  Computers became reliable enough that they could be manufactured and sold to paying customer with the expectation that they would continue to function long enough to get some useful work done.

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First Generation (1945-1955): Vacuum Tubes and Plug boards

• Early 1950- Routine had improved somewhat with the introduction of punched cards.
•  It was now possible to write programs on cards and read them in, instead of using plug boards

• Otherwise the procedure was the same.

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Introduction to Operating System (OS)

— Software program that controls the hardware.

— Definition of an operating system can be seen in four aspects:

1)    A group of program that acts as an intermediary between a user and the computer hardware.

2)    Controls and co-ordinates the use of computer resources among various application programs and user.

3)    Acts as a manager

4)    Allow the program to communicate with one another










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